How to Pronounce José Antonio Primo de Rivera
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Apr 24, 1903 Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain Died on 20 Nov 1936 (aged 33)
Spanish noble and politician
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About José Antonio Primo De Rivera
- José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia (24 April 1903 – 20 November 1936), often referred to as José Antonio, was a Spanish politician who founded the Fascist Falange Española ("Spanish Phalanx"), later Falange Española de las JONS. The eldest son of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, who ruled Spain as dictator from 1923 to 1930, Primo de Rivera worked as lawyer before entering politics, an enterprise he initially engaged into vowing to defend his deceased father's memory.
- He founded Falange Española in October 1933, shortly before the 1933 general election, in which he was elected member of the Republican Cortes, running as candidate within a wider right-wing platform. A figure with a trajectory not free from contradictions, he self-assumed the role of messianic leader charged with the task of saving Spain while he was unable to track support during his whole political life.
- A founder of a Fascist party, he moved towards the radical collectivist wing of the movement as he promoted state control with a nationalist focus.
- His increasing radicalism made Franco suspicious of him.
- However, by 1936 his opposition to Marxism and its increasing influence in the Republic, led him to endorse a conservative and reactionary military coup seeking to destroy the Republic.
- This led to a civil war that he tried to stop later.Imprisoned since before the start of the Spanish Civil War, he was accused of conspiracy and military rebellion against the Government of the Second Spanish Republic and was sentenced to death and executed during the first months of the war. In life, he held the nobiliary title of 3rd Marquess of Estella, Grandee of Spain.
- In 1948, he was post-humously bestowed the title of Duke of Primo de Rivera, that was subsequently passed to his brother Miguel. The image of José Antonio was revered during the war by the Nationalist faction and, after the establishment of Francoist Spain, he was regarded as a martyr, his figure being a tool of the Francoist propaganda apparatus.
- The inscription of "José Antonio ¡Presente!" could be found in many churches all across Spain.
